General description of 2cy heuglini in March in Bahrain:

Head shape not rounded and dove-like as in many (female) barabensis, but rather square or blocky. The thumbprint in front of the eye is not obvious and the facial expression is dominated by the strong eyebrown, creating a rather vicious, mean look, not unlike West-European Herring Gulls argenteus, especially in stronger individuals (males?). But other heuglini are much more delicate and gentle, lacking the strong and powerful expression of dominant birds. These gulls resemble heuglini seen in Finland (believed to breed in the Archangelsk region) sometimes coming close to fuscus in jizz and they lack the vicious expression. In Bahrain, gentle birds are outnumbered 7 to 10 by powerful birds and it remains unclear whether they all belong to the same population. Maybe, more powerful heuglini originate from more eastern breeding grounds?

Most 2cy heuglini have a white head with delicate neat streaking, concentrated in the lower neck but also running down to the sides of the breast and over most the area behind and above the eye. The bill is often black but may show a paler, pinkish base. The iris is brown.

Upper-parts in 2cy heuglini: most of the scapulars and mantle are moulted to second generation feathers. These may show a pronounced anchor pattern, but in some individuals the pattern is reduced to a grey brown base with a broad black centre and black shaft. Many birds still show active moult in the wing-coverts, often the greater and lesser coverts. In all heuglini, median coverts are replaced by second generation feathers by February. In quite some birds, all coverts are replaced before the end of February.

Tail may be either juvenile, or completely replaced by second generation rectrices.

Primaries are all brown-black, still juvenile in the birds we checked in Bahrain.

Legs flesh-coloured, pink.

The strongly built heuglini (males?) are readily different from the bulk of barabensis and the much smaller and elongated fuscus. They may however appear most reminiscent of cachinnans. Nonetheless, the breeding areas of heuglini and cachinnans are far apart and this is mirrored by the freshness of juvenile feathers and the presence of active moult in February. Here, some notes, based on articles, on heuglini vs cachinnans:

Structurally, heuglini is a long-winged, long-legged gull, large and robust but slim. But female heuglini may be small, even smaller than fuscus, not powerful at all.

In spring, pale heuglini may look like cachinnans, but in most cases, there is a high proportion of rather fresh second generation wing coverts (contra most cachinnans, which replace wing-coverts before November, or later, and they wait well into May before replacing the wing coverts in the complete summer moult). Some 2cy February heuglini still show complete juvenile rather fresh wing coverts and tertials, which may still have the warm brown tone and may even have the deep notching in the fringes (so never as abraded as in cachinnans). On average the inner primaries are much darker than in cachinnans, where a Venetian blind is often present.

Another clue for identification are the primaries, which are much fresher looking in heuglini, hatching later in the season and spend much more time on northern latitudes. In cachinnans the primaries may look bleached and worn in spring. On average, the tail band contrasts with the white upper tail coverts and is narrower in cachinnans. The under wing coverts are often pale, sometimes almost white (but appear sometimes brown).

Some first summer heuglini in Finland already show grey scapulars with a pronounced shaft (often the last moulted second generation or early third generation scapulars and mantle feathers). In the same time, the inner median coverts often show an anchor pattern (that wears of in older feathers) in most 2cy spring heuglini. Cachinnans may show the same pattern on the scapulars (adult-like plain grey, paler at the edge with a black shaft), but normally the grey tone is much paler, more reminiscent of argentateus Herring Gull.

Heuglini, like fuscus, obvious both late breeder from the tundra, are rapidly moulting to second generation plumage, once at the wintering grounds, and may almost simultaneously replace the complete median and greater wing covert rows, leaving obvious gaps. Consequently, March 2cy heuglini looks very fresh in all the feather groups, and some 2cy birds even moult some remiges (<5%). Most heuglini, like cachinnans do not moult primaries in winter and wait until May-June (50% still has juvenile primaries mid June), when P1 is shed. Birds with advanced moult in the primaries replaced the tail as well. And they showed a complete second generation wing coverts panel (advanced moult in all feather groups). Moult in the secondaries may be normal, but hard to determine in the field.

Some birds develop other patterns on the wing-coverts than the ordinary arrow-head patterns or plain grey feathers. There seems to be a type, which has strong barred, double barred, anchor or club patterns (with a thin white fringe) on the scapulars and coverts, except the outer greater coverts, which become gradually plainer grey (and plain brown when older). When these feathers (the lower scapulars) turn older, the centre stays grey; the tips turn whiter and contrast with the fine black shaft.

Although almost pure white on the central breast, heuglini may show extensive streaking on the lower neck (creating a collar), sides of the breast and the flanks.

The base of the bill may be pink in spring and the legs are pink and may show a blue hue.

General description of 2cy heuglini in July-August in Finland:

Some 2cy birds in Finland strongly contrast from the usual 2cy fuscus which can be present whole summer at various landfills. Most obvious in these birds is retarded moult in the primaries and they show much more contrast in wing-coverts and scapulars. They are believed to be 2cy heuglini. A few of these birds can be found at this page.

In general, these 2cy birds have extensive post-juvenile moult, compared to average British graellsii. But the Scandinavian taxon intermedius is known to have a very similar moult strategy, and they are often very hard to fully exclude.In Finnish birds, moult include the scapulars, (almost all) wing-coverts, the tertials and often tail-feathers and (sometimes) secondaries. The primaries are normally left out of this moult or primary moult is arrested, which then resembles the winter moult of 2cy fuscus.

In general, heuglini somewhat resembles cachinnans, both in jizz and in pattern on the second generation wing-coverts and in this repect may be identified from the more stocky, pigeon-like intermedius (although not all intermedius look short-legged and pot-bellied).

For direct comparison with 2cy fuscus, see fuscus 2cy section.

All images are introduced "heuglini". Note that all identifications of birds in Bahrain are tentative, especially assignments to type (barabensis, cachinnans, heuglini) - please interpret each use of a racial name (xxx) as meaning "appears to be closest to xxx based upon population averages".

We believe the birds depicted here all resemble 2cy heuglini. If you feel some may be closer related to other types, please let us know. Any suggestions and comments on these points are very welcome. For unidentified 2cy gulls from Bahrain, see the Un-ID Section.