Yellow-legged Gull - Larus michahellis

(last update: October 08 2013)

Coordinators:
Delfín González
Gabriel Martín
Antonio Gutierrez
Amir Ben Dov
Mars Muusse

Larus michahellis - adult September

This website deals with the Yellow-legged Gull taxon michahellis, which is a common migrant from July to December in NW Europe. After extensive expansion of the breeding population during the last three decades, it nowadays can be found breeding in Belgium, the Netherlands and Britain in mixed couples with both Herring Gull (argenteus) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (graellsii). There are subtle differences between the populations from the Mediterranean, Atlantic coast of Portugal and Morocco and from the islands in the Atlantic. Most pronounced differences can be found in the taxon atlantis, now regarded as full species by some authors and birds along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian peninsular: lusitanius. Both atlantis and lusitanius are treated in their own sections on this website.

General description

September is one of the best months to study michahellis at Le Portel and Etaples, NW France. At the beach of Le Touquet, near Etaples, large groups congregate and use the beach as a resting place. They frequent the Dannes landfill as feeding place and many depend on the local fish-market of Etaples for food supply. The ports of Boulogne-sur-Mer and the beach of Le Portel are other good spots to find adult Yellow-legged Gulls. See Le Portel page for locations.

The difference between sub-adult and adult birds is sometimes very difficult. We used the plain grey greater primary coverts as criteria in our scores. For details on differences between michahellis and cachinnans, see e.g. the article by R. Klein & D. Gruber in Limicola, April 1997.

Moult of remiges and rectrices in September

All the old primaries have been shed and new central secondaries grown in almost simultaneously. By the end of the month the average adult michahellis show eight new fully grown primaries and an almost completed secondary moult: S1 to ±S8 are fully grown, the central secondaries are growing and the inner secondaries are still missing. The tail-feathers are fully grown or moult is nearly completed: the outer rectrices which still have to grow an inch or so.

In this section, two tables are included with the results of primary moult scores from Le Portel. In the first table, the SD value is strongly influenced by the observation of a single adult showing P5 as the last fully grown primary. Leaving this single score out the survey, the SD value would be 0.52, which is more in line with results from the previous months and the survey from the same day that is presented in the second table. After leaving the odd single bird out, the average primary moult score by the end of the month is 7.9 with n = 64 and SD = 0.53. As can be seen in the table, adults and near-adults are about one feather behind compared to 3CY birds and about two primaries behind compared to 2CY birds.

Moult in the wing-coverts

The complete wing-covert moult is in progress throughout August and is finished by September. The ordinary moult strategy and sequence started in the outer median coverts, the innermost medians and innermost greater coverts, the upper tertial and the outer lower lesser coverts. By mid-August, the median and lower lesser coverts have been replaced and adult michahellis are missing the outer greater coverts and some lesser coverts. By late-August, the outer greater coverts have been replaced as well and the gap in the greater coverts will be closed at greater coverts #7-#8 in birds following the ordinary moult strategy, see e.g. here (missing greaters) and here (closing the gap at #7-#8). Moult in the central greater covert is completed by mid September and the fresh feathers still show a delicate pale grey fringe (see e.g. here).
By early-September, the most advanced birds have replaced all the wing-coverts and may start again a new additional cycles of wing-covert moult: the partial wing-covert moult in autumn. They normally start at the oldest wing-coverts, i.e. the median coverts and lower lesser coverts. See e.g. here.

The tertial moult is finished by the end of September. Normally the upper two tertials show wear in the tips while the next four tertials are very fresh with broad white tips.

The last feathers in the lowest row of lower scapulars are growing in and by the end of September the complete scapular and mantle region is pretty neat without moult gaps in the average adult michahellis, as can be seen in the images from the end of September (e.g. here, missing one central lower scapular).

Timing and strategy of body moult in September

The winter head becomes more obvious in August and September, where streaking is concentrated around the eye, on the ear coverts and to the nape, sometimes running down in the neck. Isolated small dark spots can also be found in the lower neck. Moult of the flank feathers was started already at the end of July. By August, feathers in the breast and vent are moulted as well. All under-parts are snowy white lacking the fluffy loose feathers which were visible in the summer months. 

See the Topography Section for explanation of feather tracts.

Naked parts

Adult michahellis shows limited black on the bill. The colour of legs and bill hardly turns duller than in full summer plumage. The iris is clear yellow lacking pigmentation; the orbital ring coral red.

Tables

adult michahellis scores of fully grown new primaries: Etaples, NW France, September 21 2002.  Sample and control sample.
new prims I - Sept 21 2002 II - Sept 21 2002
p7 34 58
p8 47 50
n: 81 108
m: 7.6 7.5
SD: 0.50 0.50

Notes:
All old primaries are shed by late September, except in three birds (2 in sample I, 1 in sample II, all with p7 new);
Due to the very similar plumage of some near-adult michahellis, it's not completely sure all scored birds are indeed fully adult. However, the time lag between these two age-classes is very limited and it's believed only few sub-adults are included at most.

 

adult michahellis body feather moult score, autumn 2001, Maasvlakte, the Netherlands (51.58 N, 4.02 E).

  mantle us ls lc llc mc gc tt R
31 Aug* 2001 1. - - - - - new inners new - -
2. - - - - - new many missing - -
3. - - - many missing new new all visible coverts new - -
4. - - - many missing - new many missing - -
5. - - - - - new #1-3 new, centrals missing - -
03 Sept 2001 1. 60% new few centrals new, many missing   new #1-3 new, centrals missing    
Notes:
us = upper scapulars, ls = lower scapulars, lc = lesser coverts, llc = lower lesser coverts, mc = median coverts, gc = greater coverts, tt = tertials, R = rectrices.
coverts and tertails are counted from the body to the wingtip.

*: colour-ringed left green EV65, recorded 31 August, 01 September, 03 September 2001. It showed few brown marks on some outer primary coverts.

 

adult michahellis fully grown new primaries, September 29 2001 Etaples
. p5 new p6 new p7 new p8 new p9 new p10 new m = n = SD =
morning - - 2 44 2 - 8.0 48 0.29
afternoon - - 13 95 11 - 8.0 119 0.45

 

michahellis age scored against fully grown new primaries, September 29 2001 Le Portel
. p5 new p6 new p7 new p8 new p9 new p10 new m = n = SD =
2nd cy - - - - 1 6 9.9 7 -
3rd cy - - - 2 7 1 8.9 10 0.57
4th cy - - - 3 3 - 8.5 6 0.55
adult 1 - 4 20 3 - 7.9 28 0.76

 

michahellis age scored against fully grown new primaries, September 29 2001 Le Portel (on the roof).
  p7 new p8 new p9 new p10 new m = n = SD =
2nd cy  - 5 12 9.9 17 -
3rd cy 2 16 5 9.1 23 0.55
4th cy 4 8 3 7.9 15 0.70
adult 8 26 3 - 7.9 37 0.54
ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis U9AA adult, September 04 2012, Ma'agan Michael, Israel. Picture: Amir Ben Dov.

ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull (michahellis) 19CY-25CY C 53597Boulogne-sur-Mer, NW France. Picture: Jean-Michel Sauvage.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis ITB CA7915 7CY, September 02 2008, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, France. Photo: Jean-Michel Sauvage.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 4CY & 9CY INLD October 2001, September & November 2006, Chioggia, Venezia, Italy. Picture: Marco Basso & Menotti Passarella.
ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 8-9CY ITLP 2006-2007, Portalban, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull lusitanius ZDM0 8CY, September 23 2008, Pantín, Spain. Picture: Antonio Gutierrez.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull lusitanius ZNJM 8CY, September 22 2008, Pantín, Spain. Picture: Antonio Gutierrez.
ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 9CY HES 875102 September 22 2005, Hauterive, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 9CY HES 875115 September 01 2005, Hauterive, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 6CY HES 885446 September 05 2005, Hauterive, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
ad LBBG in winter, ringed in the Netherlands. (65647 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 5CY HES 885690 September 05 2005, Hauterive, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 13CY S314 September 11 2011, Poreč landfill, Croatia. Picture: ringing team Luka Jurinovic.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult S2AU September 24 2010, Lake Balaton, Hungary. Picture: Szabolcs Gál.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis DER JC35580 adult, September 02 2010, Veen-Aalburg, the Netherlands. Picture: Bas Verhoeven.
adult michahellis in July. (62792 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 5CY H-132902 September 02 2009, Westkapelle, the Netherlands. Picture: Ies Muelmeester.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis 12CY-13CY M+ August 2013 & September 2014, Neer-Rijkel, the Netherlands. Picture: Jeroen Nagtegaal & Herman Smits.
2cy michahellis in August, ringed in Switzerland.Yellow-legged Gull michahellis J.N adult, May & September 2013, Wijk bij Duurstede & Wageningen, the Netherlands. Picture: PieterGeert Gelderblom & Merijn Loeve.
1cy argenteus in November, ringed in Belgium. (25637 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis DB 5CY-9CY, 2011-2015, the Netherlands. Picture: Maarten van Kleinwee, Merijn Loeve & Mars Muusse.
Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 29 2011, Ashdod, Israel. Picture: Amir Ben Dov.
adult michahellis in July. (62792 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 23 2012, Varna, Bulgaria. Picture: Pepa Kostova.
adult michahellis in July. (62792 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 24 2011, Porto Ceresio, Lombardy, Italy. Photo: Mirko Tomasi.
adult michahellis in April. (61415 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 02 2010, Eforie Sud, Romania. Picture: Cristian Mihai.
adult michahellis in April. (61415 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 20 2011, Ma'agan Michael, Israel. Picture: Amir Ben Dov.
adult michahellis in April. (61415 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 20 2011, Ma'agan Michael, Israel. Picture: Amir Ben Dov.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (61930 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult and LBBG, September 21 2002, Dannes, France.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (55095 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult and LBBG, September 21 2002, Dannes, France.
sub-adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in June. (23362 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 21 2006, Portalan, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
sub-adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in June. (23362 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 21 2006, Portalan, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
sub-adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in June. (23362 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 27 2005, Portalban, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
sub-adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in June. (23362 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 29 2006, Portalan, Switzerland. Picture: Stephane Aubry.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (65082 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 22 2002, Etaples, France.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (45551 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 22 2002, Etaples, France.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (72798 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 30 2001, Dannes, France.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (80847 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 30 2001, Dannes, France.
adult michahellis Yellow-legged Gull in September. (84355 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis adult, September 30 2001, Dannes, France.
adult michahellis  x fuscus ? in September. (70202 bytes)Yellow-legged Gull michahellis x fuscus adult, September 22 2002, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.